Ethernet cables help connect your devices to the internet quickly and smoothly. They have come a long way since they were first made. Now there are many types for different uses. In this article, we will look at where ethernet cables came from, what they are, and what makes them work. We will also go over the main features, types, accessories, and certifications. 

 

In addition, you will learn how to pick the right cable, how to install it, and how to fix problems if something goes wrong. Read on to find out everything you need to know about ethernet cables.

Historical Background

Ethernet Cables played an important role in the advancements of computer networking. Robert MetCafle introduced ethernet cables in 1973 with the help of his colleagues at Xerox PARC. They got inspiration from wireless communication ALOHAnet which was introduced at University of Hawaii. 

 

Initially, ethernet cables contained thick coaxial conductors. People faced issues like interference, scalability, and troubleshooting. This resulted in bad network performance. 

 

In the 1990s, coaxial cables were replaced with twisted pair cables. They offered good signal integrity, less interference, and reliable performance.

 

Ethernet cable was first used for telephone and modem lines, but now it serves as a cornerstone in digital infrastructure. It connects home networks to data networks with the lightning speed up to 40 Gbps over the Cat8 Cable.

 

What are Ethernet Cables?

Ethernet cables are important components in wired communication networks. They are connected to routers, computers, switches, and modems. Their core function is to ensure the transmission of data smoothly and at a fast rate. They contain twisted pairs, which are protected by the outer jacket. 

 

Tightly twisted pairs reduce crosstalk and provide protection from electromagnetic interference (EMI). Shielded cables are used in environments, where interference is higher. 

 

Wifi is more convenient, but ethernet cables are one of the most stable and secure forms of connectivity. It is the best choice for users, who demand consistent speed, low latency, and high bandwidth. 

 

In today’s world, they are used in homes, offices, and in data centers. Ethernet cables are categorized according to their speed, bandwidth, and shielding. Commonly used cables are Cat5e, Cat6, and Cat6a. Each new generation provides the transmission of data at a faster rate.

Core Features

Ethernet cable has certain features which determine its performance. These include shielding, conductor material, and twisted pairs. The performance of the cable also depends on the length over which it is run. A cable with these features ensures great data integrity, resist interference, and provide efficient transmission. 

 

Shielding vs. Unshielding

Shielding is defined as a protective layer that surrounds individual twisted pairs or entire conductors inside the cable. It is made of a foil or a braided metal. There are three main types of ethernet cable when it comes to shielding; shielded twisted pairs (STP), unshielded twisted pairs (UTP), and Foil/Unshielded Twisted Pair (F/UTP).

STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)

These types of cables contain a protective layer of aluminum foil or braided metal, surrounding each twisted pair. They are mostly used in industrial settings and densely cable environments, where interference is higher. 

 

STP cables block EMI and Near-End Crosstalk that is generated from large machinery, electronic devices, and power cables. They are rigid due to extra layers and can be difficult to install.

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

On the other hand, UTP cables are flexible, easy to install, and cost less as compared to STP cables. They are ideal for residential and small offices, where interference is minimal.

F/UTP (Foil/Unshielded Twisted Pair)

F/UTP cables are an intermediary option between STP and UTP cables . In these types of cables, twisted pairs are not protected individually but the whole conductor is covered by aluminum foil which blocks interference coming from other electronic devices and  power cables.

 

These are the best choice for those use cases where you need a shielded ethernet cable because they are easy to install and less expensive than STP cables. 

 

 
Conductor Material

The next important feature of ethernet cable is the material used inside as a conductor. It typically consists of bare copper or copper-clad aluminum (CCA). Furthermore, it has a direct impact on speed, conductivity, and durability of an ethernet cable.

 

Wire Gauge

Thickness of a conductor also impacts the performance of the cable. The diameter of a conductor is measured using American Wire Gauge (AWG). The lower number means a thicker wire. For instance, an ethernet cable containing a diameter of 23 AWG has more signal strength, and current carrying capacity rather than that of 24 AWG ethernet cable.

 

Also Read: What is American Wire Gauge? 

Bare Copper Conductor  

As the name suggests, they are made out of pure copper. These cables are mostly preferred when performance and safety are paramount. They provide superior performance and are flexible which makes them easy to install. These qualities also make them the best choice for long runs but are expensive comparatively. 

PoE (Power over Ethernet) is supported by bare copper conductors which allows you to power devices without adding additional power cables. Using bare copper as a conductor in cable ensures smooth and consistent performance.

 

Copper Clad Aluminum (CCA) 

It is worth noting that not all cable uses copper as the conductor. Some cables use aluminum as a conductor which is cladded by copper. These cables can save cost and are flexible. They are not a good choice for long runs and can result in intermittent connectivity and network failures.

 

Twisted Pairs

Inside each ethernet cable there are four pairs of wires and eight total conductors. They are twisted together in pairs. The most important feature of twisting is that it reduces cross talks and external interference. Crosstalks occur when signals from one wire enters into another. As a result of this, communication disrupts and loses signal integrity. 

 

A cable in which the number of twists is larger offers superior resistance to interference. This design ensures smooth and clear transmission of data without any interference and disruption.

 

Configuration: 

Physical and logical arrangement of internal wires is important to avoid the chances of failed network connection. Ethernet cables are made using two types of configurations named as straight through and crossover configuration. It is done through the use of wiring standards (T568A and T568B). 

1) Straight-through: These types of cables have the same wiring standard (either T568A or T568B) on both ends. They are used to connect different types of devices, such as computers to the router or switch to the router.

 

2) Crossover: Such cables are used to connect the same device like computer to computer or router to router. They contain different wiring standards (T568A on one side and T568B on other side) of cable.

Cable Jackets

The outer covering of ethernet cable is called a cable jacket. It plays a vital role in protection of internal components. Cable jacket ensures safety, durability, and compliance with building codes. Jacket types are categorized according to their fire resistance capabilities and intended environment. Choosing the wrong one can lead to performance issues, code violations, and fire hazards.

 

Jackets used in ethernet cables are commonly known as CM, which stands for “Communications Multipurpose”. Three types of CM rated jacket are typically used according to the intended environment.

 

CMP (Plenum) 

These cables are specifically used in plenum spaces like HVAC ducts, drop ceilings, and air-handling areas. They are made of FEP (Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene) which helps in emission of less toxic smoke. Mandated by NEC (National Electric Code), CMP rated jackets ensure safety and prevent code violation. LSZH (Low Smoke Zero Halogen) is a term associated with these types of jackets, and our Cat6 Plenum Ethernet Cable is a perfect example of this fire-rated standard.

CMR (Riser)

They are used in vertical shafts. Its unique design and materials prevents fire from traveling upwards. They are less expensive and can be installed in elevator, utility, and ventilation shafts without any second thought. However, due to its combustion traits, it cannot be installed in plenum spaces.

 

CMX (Direct Burial or Outdoor): 

These jacketed cables are commonly used where they have to be buried or in outdoor spaces. Certain cables are designed to withstand moisture, UV rays, temperature fluctuations, and chemical exposure. They are tougher in terms of physicality and can resist cracking and water absorption. Note that CMX rated jackets cannot replace CMP or CMR rated jackets due to absence of fire preventing qualities.

In a nutshell, the choice of jacket should not be an afterthought. Always assess the intended environment and pick the right jacketed ethernet cable. In this way, you will follow the regulatory standards. It will also directly impact the physical durability and lifespan of the cable.

 

Cable Categories 

The term, “Cat” in Cat5e, Cat6, and similar names means “Category”. Each category refers to the type of ethernet cable. These cables are mainly categorized according to their speed, bandwidth, diameter, and shielding. 

Cat1

In early ages, these cables were used as analog telephone lines. They were unshielded and consisted of two insulated copper wires twisted around each other. Due to shortcomings, they were not widely used. Despite these weaknesses, they laid the groundwork for further advancements.

 

Cat2

Unshielded ethernet cables which transmitted data at speed of 4Mbps. They were primarily used in networking technologies like ARCnet and IBM Token Ring.  

 

Cat3

Category 3 cabling is known as the first ethernet cable consisting of twisted pairs of conductors. Since it provided a speed of 10Mbps so was used in 10BASE-T ethernet set ups. Due to the introduction of twisted pairs, the crosstalk was significantly reduced resulting in greater speed. 

 

Cat4

It was a short tenured ethernet cable, which faded away with the arrival of Cat5. However, it was used in 16 BASE Token Ring Networks.

 

Cat5

Introduced in the early 2000s, this cable marked a turning point in network cabling. It supported speeds up to 100 Mbps. In this way, crosstalk is reduced and performance boosted. It is also known as a backbone of fast Ethernet (100 BASE-TX networks).

 

Cat5e

With the arrival of Cat5e ethernet cable, the preceding cables faded away instantly. In today’s world, it is the most basic and widely used ethernet cable. Thanks to its 350 MHz bandwidth, Cat5e supports speeds of 100 Mbps over a distance of 100 meters and 1 Gbps up to 50 meters. The diameter of the conductor in this cable is 24 AWG. It is commonly used in residential setups and small offices.

 

Cat6

It transfers data rates up to 10 Gbps over a distance of 50 meters and 1 Gbps up to 100 meters. The speed is improved due to inclusion of new features like spline, 550 MHz bandwidth, 23AWG conductor, and tighter twists. Cat6 cable is used in places like educational institutions and hospitals, also in homes for future readiness.

 

Cat6a

Augmented version of Cat6 ethernet cable, Cat6a contains bandwidth of 750 MHz. This results in data transmission at 10 Gbps speed over a distance of 100 meters. It is commonly used in industrial settings and data centers. 

 

Cat7

While it has similar performance characteristics as Cat6a, there is a slight difference. For instance, GG45 and TERA connectors are used for the termination. It also contains robust shielding that preserves maximum signal integrity.

 

Cat8

In today’s world, it is considered as a top-tier ethernet cable. With 2000 MHz bandwidth and extra shielding it ensures data transmission at the highest rate. Cat8 is mainly used in data centers and ultra-high speed networking apps to experience ultimate speed and future readiness.

Each category is designed according to the intended environment and needed performance. Understanding the characteristics of each available category is essential to choose the right ethernet cable without overspending.

 

How to choose the right ethernet cable?

To build a reliable and high performance wired network, it is essential to choose the right ethernet cable. Whether it’s for your home, small offices, or enterprise graded data centers, every environment has its own unique needs. Some of the worth mentioning needs include, speed, interference tolerance, cable length and cost. 

Understanding these needs will help you in selecting the right ethernet cable for high performance and future proofing wired network.

 

For Home-Networks

In such an environment the key factors are affordability, speed for streaming and gaming, and ease of installation. Cat5e is sufficient and widely used in modern households. You can pick F/UTP (Foiled/Unshielded Twisted Pair) ethernet cables with CMP or CMR as per the environment conditions. 

 

Cat5e F/UTP ethernet cables can block the external interference, making it ideal for installation in home networks. Albeit for future proofing, Cat6 is also a great choice, but can cost more.

 

For Small Offices

In a small office environment, performance and reliability becomes more important. Here, Cat6 is often a good starting point. Due to its tighter twists and extra shielding, it minimizes the crosstalk and blocks interference from nearby electronic devices and other power cables. It transfers data at the rate of 10Gbps over a distance of 50 meters. 

 

For future readiness, Cat6a is a better choice. It offers a speed of 10 Gbps over a distance of 100 meters.

 

For Data Centers

Cat6a is widely used in data centers and commercial setups. Due to its compatible features, Cat6a can provide sufficient performance and reliability in enterprise-graded data centers. Its STP shielding can block the internal and external interference to maintain signal integrity. In an environment that demands ultra high speed, Cat7 or Cat8 might be necessary. 

 

Data centers also require robust cable management. CMP rated jackets should be used in such an environment to meet fire safety standards. 

 

In summary, for basic internet access, streaming and gaming, Cat5e and Cat6 are more than enough. But if you want to install ethernet cable in a place where higher performance is needed, the best choices would be Cat6a, Cat7, and Cat8. These advanced ethernet cables will be useful in future proofing. 

 

It is essential to have an understanding of these cables to pick the right cable according to the intended environment and need.

Accessories

Without certain accessories, ethernet cable can be of no use. The complete installation of wired networks relies on certain accessories. Some of the important accessories include wall and face plates, keystone jacks, RJ45 connectors, patch cables, and patch panels. 

 

They help in proper connectivity, organization, and functionality of ethernet cabling.

 

Wall and Face Plates 

These are visible covers mounted on the wall where the cable terminates. They fulfill both aesthetic and protective purposes. Users can plug the devices easily and it also helps in protecting the internal components. Especially, they are useful in an environment, where exposed cabling can look messy and unprofessional.

 

Keystone Jacks

Designed as snap in modules that can fit into wall plates or patch panels. Various categories are available including, Toolless, and Punch Down keystone jacks, which are used as per preference.

 

During installation, cables are punched down into 180 or 90 degree keystone jack using a specific punch down tool. While in toolless jacks, a punch down tool is not necessary.

 

RJ45 connectors

These are the essential plugs that are found at the both ends of a patch cable. When installing a bulk ethernet cable, these connectors are crimped into cables. After that, they are snapped into ports, routers, and PC’s. RJ45 connectors are available in both shielded and unshielded iterations.  

 

Patch Cables

Multifunctional ethernet cables which are short in length. They connect devices to wall ports and also patch panels to switches. Patch cables are commonly used in server rooms and home networks. They can be found in different colors and lengths. These cables are essential in connecting devices to the server in LAN networks.

 

Patch Panels

Patch panels are used for the organization and management of a large number of ethernet cable terminations in a central hub. They help to maintain a tidy, scalable, and future proof network infrastructure. With the help of these, it is easier to manage, test, and reconfigure in a wired connection.

 

You can turn a pile of cables into a well-structured and easily manageable system by using these essential accessories. From home-networks to data centers, accessories are essential to build a reliable and aesthetic cabling network.

Ethernet Cable Certifications

Certifications are important when it comes to ethernet cables. They ensure compliance with performance, safety, and environmental standards. Specific certifications are set by different organizations and regulatory bodies such as NEC, EIA/TIA, ETL, and ANSI to name a few. They focus on the compliances from construction to functionality of an ethernet cable. 

 

Having an idea regarding these certifications can help in choosing the right ethernet cable which is compliant with local codes and industry requirements. 

 

NEC (National Electric Code)

It is a well-known legal framework regarding safe electrical installation in the USA. It is managed by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). It mainly focuses on the cable jacket that is used to cover the internal components of an ethernet cable. NEC plays an important role in ensuring the installation of  a right cable in a certain place. For instance, CMP cables should be used in plenum spaces of a building which does not emit toxic gases in an event of fire.

 

EIA/TIA

Electronic Industries Association and Telecommunication Industry Association are two independent regulatory bodies. They assess and ensure the performance of an ethernet cable. They set rules for structured cabling systems. The most famous regulatory standard is TIA/EIA 558.

 

TAA (Trade Agreements Act)

According to this act, US-government purchases must come from approved countries. It mainly focuses on federal government projects and contracts.

 

ETL (Electrical Testing Laboratories)

A dependent regulatory body which does not set codes itself. However, it guarantees that the ethernet cable meets the safety and performance standards set by TIA/EIA.

 

ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

It accredits organizations like Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA). ANSI and TIA  jointly approve the stringent standard ANSI/TIA-568.

 

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)

It is an important organization which defines the ethernet protocols. The prominent standard is termed as IEEE 802.3. It sets protocols regarding the characteristics of ethernet cables like speed, POE, and auto-negotiation.

 

ISO (International Organization of Standardization)

ISO/IEC 11801 is a stringent protocol set by ISO. It specifies the international requirements for generic cabling. Not only in the USA, it focuses on global installation and ensures compliance with standards.

 

RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances)

The main goal of this organization is to ensure that the ethernet cables are environment friendly. It limits the use of toxic substances like Lead, Mercury, and Cadmium which can be harmful to the whole environment. 

These certifications not only ensure the performance of the cable but also safety, legal compliance, and environmental responsibility. Compliance with these standards is critical for installation in public places. Choose an ethernet cable that checks all the boxes.

Installation

Installing ethernet cable is not a simple task. It requires a clear understanding of practices, tools, and safe standards to execute the job properly. Proper installation in your intended environment ensures fast, stable, and long lasting connection. Following are the simple steps to carry out the installation in a finest way:

Step 1

Plan a layout and determine the preferred locations of the devices, routers, switches, and patch panels.

 

Step 2

Measure the approximate lengths of the cable you will need.

 

Step 3

Consider the environment where the cable will run. Select CMP for plenum spaces, CMR for riser shafts, CMX for outdoor runs.

 

Step 4

Avoid running cables parallel to power cables for protection from external interference. If necessary, run along but only at 90 degrees.

 

Step 5

Make sure the bend radius does not exceed when run through curves. Sharp bends can damage twisted pairs, resulting in network failure. 

 

Step 6

Use velcro ties and cable clips instead of zip ties and staples to secure and bundle the cables neatly. 

 

Step 7

While pulling cable through walls and ceilings, use fish tape and cable puller. These tools will guide cable through conduits and dry walls safely.

 

Step 8

After placing the cable, strip the cable while maintaining the integrity of twisted pairs. Terminate cable with RJ45 connectors and Keystone Jacks while using T568A and T68B standards. 

 

Step 9

Patch panels and wall plates help in organization of network connection. This makes management, troubleshooting, and future upgrades a lot easier.

 

Step 10

Finally, test each cable run using a cable tester like (Fluke Networks DSX CableAnalyzer Series) to confirm continuity, pin out accuracy, and signal quality.

A proper installation can lead to a significant difference in performance and reliability of a networking connection. It is wise to be extra conscious and follow the best practices to avoid problems in future.

Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting is a fundamental skill to properly manage the ethernet cable network. A faulty system can lead to intermittent connection or a complete network failure. Diagnosing and resolving these problems ensures a smooth and reliable connection. 

 

First step of troubleshooting is to identify the problem. Some of the most common issues involve physical damage, poor termination, interference, and loose connections.

 

Physical damage 

With the passage of time, cables can become bent, pinched, frayed. These issues can emerge when they are stepped on, rolled over by chair, or improperly routed. Even a small damage to the outer jacket or conductor can degrade the signal quality. If you suspect any damage, change the cable with a fine one and check whether the issue is resolved.

 

Poor termination

Ethernet cables must be terminated correctly to ensure a good connection. This can be caused due to mixed wiring standards (T568A and T568B), incorrectly crimped connectors or misaligned wires. It can be found out while using a cable tester. If the test fails, re-terminate and correct the wiring standards. 

 

Interference

Interference is the main culprit for unstable network connection. It can emerge from fluorescent light, power cables, and crosstalks within cable. The only cure is not to run the cables parallel to power cables. Ensure using F/UTP or STP cables while running them through areas where many cables already exist.

 

Loose Connections

 

It occurs when RJ45 connectors are not fully inserted or improper crimping of cables. This can result in sporadic connection. First of all, wiggle the connector gently, if issues still persist, replace it. Otherwise, use a cable tester to find out the exact problem.

 

These little practices can eradicate the problem without needing to replace the whole networking system. In simpler words, approach systematically, verify proper terminations, watch for interference, and secure the connections.

 

Conclusion

 

Choosing the right ethernet cable can make a big difference in the speed, reliability, and overall performance of your network. Whether you are setting up a home connection, wiring a small office, or managing a large data center, understanding cable types, features, and proper installation is key. 

 

From their history to certifications, from accessories to troubleshooting tips, every detail matters. If you are looking for high-quality, certified, and reliable ethernet cables, check out our top-rated Cat6 Plenum ethernet Cable, designed for speed, safety, and long-term performance. You can also read our in-depth Cat6 Plenum Cable Guide to better understand its real-world application.

 

Frequently Asked Questions